It's another thing to extract the words from a word problem. Therefore, more recently, researchers have begun to turn their attention to the question of individual variation within a particular corpus of translations. Citation: Clarke I, Grieve J (2019) Stylistic variation on the Donald Trump Twitter account: A linguistic analysis of tweets posted between 2009 and 2018. 8. There is also a notable retweet on this day, which is no longer available: Although clearly far from conclusive evidence that Trump decided to run at this time, these tweets, along with the sharp changes in style we observe, are suggestive of a shift in Trump’s political outlook. Antonomasia and oxymoron as stylistic devices. Given these results, we believe our analysis not only provides a meaningful and holistic description of stylistic variation and change on the Trump Twitter account, but also offers evidence that there was a communication strategy underlying the use of this platform by Trump and his team, especially during the 2016 campaign. Overall, variation over time on this dimension therefore appears to reflect variation in Trump’s intended audience: when he is promoting his brand to the general population or appealing to the general electorate he employs a more formal and expository style, but when he is speaking to his political base he employs a more informal and conversational style. No, Is the Subject Area "Sociolinguistics" applicable to this article? only for the '&'-glyph? This file contains the full dataset, R code, and output for the quantitative analysis conducted for this study. This decision may have been a crucial moment in the campaign: by minimising his engagement with this controversy and generating new controversies for his opponents, Trump was perhaps able to keep his base of support from disintegrating. The Eng L is a rule governed system within which we find enormous amount of flexibility and creativity. Is the Subject Area "Twitter" applicable to this article? Join Yahoo Answers and get 100 points today. On Twitter, Trump gave at least some of the credit to his social media presence: The claim that social media was integral to Trump’s campaign has been supported by several independent studies [13–19]. We first identify and describe common styles of communication found in the complete corpus of tweets sent from the @realDonaldTrump Twitter account between 2009 and 2018 through a multivariate analysis of grammatical variation. The second has to do with the possibility that . Stylistics, study of the devices in languages (such as rhetorical figures and syntactical patterns) that are considered to produce expressive or literary style. In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to stylistic variation in linguistic description. This general form of discourse appears to be one with which Trump was familiar long before he ran for president and one that he used as a basis for his campaigning style. For example, assuming that tweets sent from Android devices were written by Trump and tweets sent from iPhones were written by his staff, emotionally-charged and negative-sentiment words were found to be more common in tweets written by Trump [29]. Got this in my logics class and I'm confused.please help? For instance, examples 25 and 26 have very strong negative coordinates on Dimension 5 and are highly critical of others: The features most strongly associated with these tweets include various markers of impersonal narrative. Since Trump’s unprecedented success, many studies have attempted to explain how he overcame these obstacles to become the 45th President of the United States [7–12]. And this syntagmatic st markedness ( кульминация!!) Book Editor(s): J. K. Chambers. everydayish, ever-increasing area. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222062.g004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222062.g005. Answer. Alternatively, he is especially unlikely to tweet from about 05:00 to 10:00, when he presumably tends to be asleep. Data curation, Stylistics is a subdomain of linguistics which concerns stylistic resources of the language and functional styles. Trump and his team appear to have struck an important balance, which may have helped them navigate their way to victory in the general election. To visualise patterns of stylistic change on the Trump Twitter account, we plotted the coordinates of each of the 21,739 tweets on each of the 4 main stylistic dimensions over the days in the corpus, as presented in Fig 4. In this article we propose a stylistic analysis of texts written across two different periods, which differ not only temporally, but politically and culturally: communism and democracy in Romania. Visual imagery – represented by a picture, by some figure or affective/emotional imagery represented by ling. Overall, Dimension 5 therefore represents an opposition between a more advisory and a more critical style of communication. In general, Trump tweets the most between around 12:00 and 22:00, with primary spikes in usage around 16:00 and 20:00. With regard to the first point, most studies of stylistic variation have been . One way to describe stylistic variation in a corpus of texts is to focus on patterns of linguistic co-occurrence–seeing which linguistic features, especially grammatical features, tend to occur together in texts. Although its topical content has been examined by researchers and the media, we know relatively little about the style of the language used on the account or how this style changed over time. The spoken has an advantage over the written: it presupposes the presence of the interlocutor and also there are all kinds of gestures which together with intonation give additional information. Only the presence of 6 features are associated with the negative pole of Dimension 1, including hashtags and URLs, which often stand alone in Trump’s shortest tweets. Also, recent theoretical develop-ments will no doubt widen the scope of stylistics. Initially, the account was highly advisory, often framing Trump as an expert in giving business advice, but there was a clear increase in critical tweets from 2011 to 2012, from the start of the Birther controversy and throughout Barack Obama’s campaign for his second term, as illustrated in example 27: Notably, this pattern aligns with Trump’s books, which at first primarily gave business advice, but grew to be more political and critical over time. Just look for the keywords, and you're nearly home and dry. The changing of variable parameters is often gone by the term variations or algebraic variations. The Newspaper style (NPS) of the English Language. There is also generally a lull in tweets around 17:00, which may coincide with his evening meal. 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